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Tuesday, 14 February 2017

Land preparation and its importance in agriculture


    Land preparation and its importance in agriculture

 In the crop cultivation whether its field crops, horticulture crops or else land preparation is very important operation. In terms of agriculture land preparation operations starts from first ploughing.
Land preparations are done by the some implements such as plough. Harrow, cultivator, etc. in plough there are several plough are being used and there purposes are different.
The land preparation or soil preparation is done for making suitable seed bed for the crop sowing. When we use a fallow land or a cultivated land after a crop the field (agriculture land) is very hard and sowing directly any seed is not suitable as seeds will not do deep inside the soil and they will be eaten be birds or other biological organisms. Seed must be sown under the soil. For the different crops the standard depth of the seed sowing are different and are specified for example specified depth of wheat seed sowing is 5 to 6 cm below the soil surface.
As land is hard so to make them convenient for seed/plant sowing the soil surface needs to break. For that plough by tractor or by bull are being done. As a result of this first ploughing big and large clods are formed, these clods are also not suitable for the seed sowing or planting. So this needs to make more crush more. And further the soil needs to make finer and for that cultivator is used commonly.      
Tillage: Tillage includes all operations on land which starts after harvesting of previous crop till harvesting of next crop.
Tillage can be understood as two parts. First after harvesting of previous crop till sowing of next crop. And second after sowing of the current crop.

 Tillage is of two types:
1. Primary tillage: it also known as ploughing. First ploughing is opening up of soil. The ploughing is of several types but two are important i.e. deep ploughing and sub soiling.
Deep ploughing: it means if soil is being ploughed up to the depth of 25 to 30 cm then its called deep ploughing. By doing this most of the weeds and several pests are exposed to outer atmosphere and gets destroyed. The water retention capacity and mixing of the organic matter also takes place.
Sub soiling: Sub soiling operations are done to break the hard pans under the soil. Hard pans develop due to many reasons it may be deposition of salts or minerals and also due to tillage operations done at the same depth year on year. If we plough the soil every year on the same depth by the tractor then only few centimeters of the soils is gets open up and just below that due to weight pressure of machines (Tractor) a hard layers forms. This is called hard pan. Due to hard pan formation the movement of water and air gets restricted and plants/ crop roots are hard to penetrate deep into the soils. Large number of crops has deep root systems up to 2 – 3 meters inside the soil. If root growth gets restricted then crop growth also gets affected badly as a result crop yield will be less as compared to the potential of the crop.  
Sub soiling is operation to break the hard pan and for sub soiling the plough which is used is called sub soiler and its penetration is up to 3 feet into the soil. For this operation the heavy powered tractor is required i.e. it must be more than 50 hp.
 2. Secondary tillage: All the operations after first ploughing till sowing of the crop is known as secondary tillage. Secondary tillage includes the seed/crop sowing operations.  

In modern concept first ploughing is called as primary tillage and all the agriculture operations done after the first ploughing till harvesting are called secondary tillage, this includes sowing, fertilization, irrigation, weeding, harvesting etc.

Land preparation provides better seed bed for the seed or planting material to plant, irrigation, fertilizer application, pesticide application etc. to raise crop.
The ploughing not only make soil loose and fragile but it also helps to destroy seeds or plant material of the weeds. By ploughing the eggs and several pests gets exposed to the sun and to their predators so their population is comes down. The plant nutrients, organic matter also mixed well in the soil.





    

Monday, 13 February 2017

विमुद्रीकरण और किसान

           
                    विमुद्रीकरण और किसान

इस बार विमुद्रीकरण के फैसलेके बाद लगभग हर तरह के  व्यक्ति ने कुछ  कुछ परेशानी जरूर झेली हैपरंतु फिर भी देश के लोग इस सबके बावजूद ख़ुशी ख़ुशी सब परेशानिया झेल गए और झेल रहे हैं इस उम्मीद में कि आने  वाला भविष्य अच्छा रहेगा। इस फैसले से किसानों को खासा नुक्सान झेलना पड़ा और इससे किसानों ने भी समाज के विभिन्न गड़बड़ी करने वालों को अपने आँखों के सामने उनकी असलियत उजागर होते हुए देखा।जब किसान अपना सामान (खरीफ की धान की फसल) मंडी लेकर बेचने जाता था तो वहां के व्यापारी किसानों से सौदा करते थे उदाहरण के तौर पर यदि धान का बाजार मूल्य ग्यारह सौ रूपए है तो किसान धान के बदले यदि पुराने नोट स्वीकार करेगा तो उसकी उसे पूरी कीमत मिलेगी और अगर नयी नोट में पैसा चाहिए तो आठ सौ का दाम दिया जायेगा। उसी प्रकार अन्य फसलों के दाम नयी और पुरानी  नोटों के अनुसार ही तय किये गए।
जब किसान रबी कि फसलों कि बुवाई करने को चला तो उन्हें बीज और खाद खरीदने कि आवश्यक पड़ी साथ ही साथ खेत कि तैयारी में भी पैसों कि जरूरत पड़ीचुकी खेत कि तैयारी गांव के ही लोगों के साधनो से कि जाती है जैसे कि ट्रेक्टर इत्यादितो उसका पैसा उधर भी हो सकता है। परंतु जब खाद और बीज की आवश्यकता पड़ी तो जहाँ उधार का चलन नहीं है अथवा जहाँ किसान आढ़तिये पर ज्यादा निर्भर नहीं है जैसा कि उत्तर प्रदेश में है, वहां नगदी कि आवश्यकता बहुत ज्यादा थी इसलिए वहां पर किसान को ज्यादा परेशानियों का सामना करना पड़ा।एक ओर जहाँ किसानों कि फसल बाजार में बिक नहीं पा रही थी और जो बिक भी रही थी तो उसका पैसा समय पर नहीं मिल पा रहा था और यदि कोई व्यापारी पैसा तुरंत देने को तैयार होता था तो पुराने नोटऔर यदि किसान नए नोटों कि मांग करता था तो उसे फसल के कम मूल्य से भुगतान मिलता था। अतः किसान की फसल भी घाटे से बिकी और दूसरी ओर यदि वो बैंक से पैसा निकलने जाता था कि खाद और बीज खरीद ले तो बैंक से पर्याप्त नगदी  मिलने से उसे उसी बैंक से प्राप्त हुए पैसे से काम चलना पड़ता था।

कृषि कार्य में समय की बहुत महत्ता है यदि किसी फसल कि बुवाई में देरी हुई या पानी लगाने का सही समय निकल गया या खाद और दवाइयां डालने का समय निकल गया तो फसल कि पैदावार पर उसका प्रतिकूल प्रभाव पड़ता है। अतः किसानों ने ज्यादा नगदी  होने कि स्थिति में फसल बोने में देर करने का जोखिम नहीं  उठाने  का फैसला किया और बहुत सारे किसानों ने नगदी के अभाव में नया बीज नहीं खरीद पाए और घर में रखा हुआ गेहूं ही बीज के रूप में इस्तेमाल करके खेतों में बो दिए।

इस बार सरकार ने  जो  ने रबी फसलों कि बुवाई का जो आकड़ा प्रस्तुत  किया है वो सही है कि रबी फसलों  बुवाई ज्यादा हुई है परंतु यह भी सच है कि गेहूं का ज्यादातर बीज किसानों के घर का ही गेहूं है, जो बीज कि तरह प्रयोग हुआ है। यह सब होने के बावजूद ज्यादातर किसान खुश है क्योंकि किसान को यह भरोसा है कि सरकार ने विमुद्रीकरण का फैसला आम लोगों के हित में लिया है और आने वाले समय में इस फैसले से भ्रस्टाचार पर लगाम लगायी जा सकेगी साथ ही किसान, आम लोग एवं आने वाली पीढियां इस तरह के फैसले से लाभांन्वित होंगी।
अतः तरह तरह के कष्ट झेलने के  बावजूद किसान और आम नागरिक प्रसन्न है और उम्मीद कर रहा है कि उसका और उसकी आने वाली पीढ़ियों का भविष्य सुरखित और उज्जवल होगा।




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